Wayne and Thermionic; This is good stuff. You may not realise the exact phrase that does the trick but I do and there are a couple in here. I need some time to mull this over but this help combined with the books is great. I think I see now that to understand this stuff you must take it in small intervals that deal with a specific issue of amplifier construction, ie Bias Settings. The learning curve though is pretty steep and the lightbulbs are going off. Waynes water analogy is very good and your pointing out that the AC voltage sums to zero is also. Waynes statement that current is only there with a load and to disregard it when dealing with potential is a biggie. The conduction paragraph has helped greatly. I say this in order to try and pinpoint for you helpfull guys what is helping me. I will report back after some thought; thanks again J.R.