| Imaging, placement and orientation [message #53033] |
Fri, 02 January 2009 15:31  |
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Wayne Parham
Messages: 18792
Registered: January 2001
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Illuminati (33rd Degree) |
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We've discussed uniform directivity and its benefits many times here. We've also talked about the reasons why the imaging of the π cornerhorn is good throughout a large listening area, because of the combination of its uniform directivity and the requisite orientation having its forward axis toed-in 45°. This arrangement can be employed in other speakers having uniform directivity too, and it is recommended for the three π and four π speakers as well as the cornerhorns.
This approach has gained popularity in the last few years. For a long time, we were the only ones doing it. Most directional sources that imaged well needed a pinpoint listening spot, and movement of just a few inches ruined it. The biggest examples that come to mind are planar speakers, which image like crazy if you don't move an inch. Most horns work this way too, especially the tractrix round horns.
For historical perspective, consider that Klipschorns are designed for corner placement and have 45° toe-in. Of course, they use exponential midrange and tweeter horns that beam at HF so they do not provide uniform directivity. But the fact they are positioned in corners sets the beamwidth at least at the low end, making them more uniform than many modern loudspeaker, even some that are designed to be "constant directivity waveguides". So by using the crossed-axes configuration, stereo balance is quite good through an area near the point where the axes cross. Since the horns used don't provide constant beamwidth, the "sweet spot" isn't as large as if the horns were CD, but it is still works over a limited area.
In fact, Paul Klipsch describes the same method of aggresive toe-in in his "Dope from Hope" series, so while unusual, it isn't new. But what is somewhat new, and what makes this configuration a significant improvement, is combining the crossed-axis toe-in with constant directivity to provide unequalled stereo imaging. So our wide sweet spot approach of using CD speakers with the crossed-axis configuration is becoming more and more popular these days.
One enthusiast that posts under the pseudonym publius took time to illustrate the orientation and the pattern that results. It occured to me that this was definitely a case where a "picture is worth a thousand words". I immediately asked if he would mind if I used his illustrations when describing this placement strategy. He agreed, and I've included much of his accompanying description below.
Parham, and later Geddes as well as many others have suggested that the listening sweet spot can be widened by aiming the speakers to a point in front of a centrally located listener (the traditional sweet spot). Since the benefits of having a wide sweet spot are numerous and include allowing multiple people in the same room to share the full experience at the same time to not needing a center channel in order to locate sound accurately on the center of the screen for home theater, I have put together a few drawings that attempt to provide a guide for folks who might not understand how this works.
We have previously identified three requirements for good imaging. the sound from each speaker must arrive with the same:
1. Frequency Response
2. SPL
3. Time Arrival
True controlled directivity horns do a pretty good job of minimizing reflections and providing a nice consistent frequency response off-axis from about 1kHz up (the frequencies where imaging cues are particularly important) so go a long way toward achieving the first requirement.
Small differences in time arrival between the two speakers for a listener who is sitting off-axis may not be an issue because of the haas effect--the effect where sounds that arrive within about 15ms are combined by our brains into a single sound if they are the same in frequency response and to a lesser extent SPL.
With the two other effects considered, the imaging game comes down to having the sound from the controlled directivity horns arrive at all listeners at the same SPL.
This first diagram shows the radiated sound power from two forward firing speakers. Each oval represents declining sound power and it can be seen that it falls faster off-axis than on-axis.
Listener A, the one centrally located, will have equal sound power arriving from each speaker and thus good imaging. Listener B however receives a higher level of sound power from the speaker on the right (the one located in front of him). Thus Listener B will not enjoy the system's best imaging potential.
See what happens when the speakers are toed inward so the forward axis are crossed:
In this arrangement, each speaker is toed in about 45°. The sound power for Listener A and Listener B is almost identical, so both listeners will be able to share the system's full imaging potential.
This arrangement has the speakers moved a little bit closer to the listeners and toed-in further in order to maximize the sweet spot in rooms with shallow rear-wall depth. The dotted black represents the region where listeners will all receive about identical SPL and so will have good imaging.
Finally, another arrangement that can solve situations where speakers must be placed in unusual locations or in order to move the sweet spot around the room to accomodate as many listeners as possible.
The important thing to know is that this strategy only works for speakers with uniform directivity, that have off-axis sound that is spectrally similar to the on-axis sound. With a little bit of experimentation in placement, the sweet spot can be widened or, with asymmetric placement of the speakers, the sweet spot can even be moved around in the room.
These drawings are not to scale and are meant only to serve as inspiration for experimentation in placement.
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| Re: Imaging, placement and orientation [message #53035 is a reply to message #53033] |
Sat, 03 January 2009 15:14  |
LAL
Messages: 40
Registered: May 2009
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Baron |
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I can attest to this. I have been using my Stage 4's temporarily for L & R speakers in a home theater set up. Set up as you recommend(and with no center channel speaker) the image is locked in at the TV set. I can slide from side to side with little or no effect on the stability of the image. The phantom center image is now so good that for the first time I am questioning the need for center channel speaker. Given this plus their dynamic range I think you would be hard pressed to find many speakers that would work better for home theater applications. LAL
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| Re: Imaging, placement and orientation [message #53047 is a reply to message #53046] |
Mon, 05 January 2009 20:35 |
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Wayne Parham
Messages: 18792
Registered: January 2001
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Illuminati (33rd Degree) |
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That's very true. The one π and two π models do not provide constant directivity like the three π, four π and π cornerhorn models do.The one π and two π speakers are direct radiators with fairly simple crossover networks. They're great for on-axis listening, but cannot provide uniform directivity like the horn models do. Best performance from the one π and two π models is best realized straight on-axis with the midwoofer. That's what they are designed for. The three π, four π and π cornerhorn models are a different breed though. Each is designed to provide uniform directivity throughout a 90°x40° pattern. Not only are they designed for spectral balance along a 90° horizontal arc, but also up and down through a 40° vertical arc. Beyond that, HF output is sharply reduced, which is useful for limiting ceiling slap. The improved vertical pattern sets these models apart from similar speakers from other manufacturers, where attention is paid almost solely on the performance along the horizontal plane. Our speakers are designed for superior spectral balance within the pattern in both horizontal and vertical planes.
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| Re: Imaging, placement and orientation [message #53050 is a reply to message #53048] |
Mon, 05 January 2009 22:55 |
Matts
Messages: 359
Registered: May 2009
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Grand Master |
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if you wanna get the most out of your nice-looking amps... The 4Pi's a 'sneaky' large cab- bigger than it looks, especially if you finish 'em dark. Not as large as a lot of hi-eff models out there.
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